Ethical Research Dilemmas and Their Implications In English Language Teaching Studies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v4i1.3200Keywords:
Ethical, research, English Language Teaching, informed consent.Abstract
Researchers across the disciplines, including those whose passions are in English teaching studies, are always challenged to continuously contribute their research findings to the development of science. However, ethical considerations must be adhered to when they involve humans as participants in their study. Ethical dilemmas, even though they are considered important, are still rarely discussed. Thus, depicting the sketch of a comprehensive configuration of ethical dimensions is extremely needed for ESL researchers to serve as a guidance to carry out their research. This paper concludes with some ethical implications for researchers to carry out research ethically
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References
Alberti, F., & Güth, W. (2013). Studying deception without deceiving participants: An experiment of deception experiments. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 93(1), 196-204.
Alsan, M., Wanamaker, M., & Hardeman, R. R. (2020). The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis: A case study in peripheral trauma with implications for health professionals . Journal of general internal medicine, 35(1), 322-325.
APA. (2016). Revision of ethical standard 3.04 of the" Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct"(2002, as amended 2010). The American Psychologist, 71(9), 900.
Barrera, D., & Simpson, B. (2012). Much ado about deception: Consequences of deceiving research participants in the social sciences. Sociological Methods & Research, 41(3), 383-413.
Bhutta, Z. A. (2004). Beyond informed consent. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(1), 771-777.
Birchley, G., Huxtable, R., Murtagh, M., Ter Meulen, R., Flach, P., & Gooberman-Hill, R. (2017). Smart homes, private homes? An empirical study of technology researchers’ perceptions of ethical issues in developing smart-home health technologies. BMC medical ethics, 18(1), 1-13.
Brigham, L. (1998). Representing the lives of women with learning difficulties: Ethical dilemmas in the research process. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(4), 146-150.
Brown, B. L. (2009). Use and misuse of quantitative methods: Data collection, calculation, and presentation. Handbook of social research ethics, 373-385.
Cassell, E. J. (2000). The principles of the Belmont report revisited: how have respect for persons, beneficence, and justice been applied to clinical medicine? Hastings center report, 30(4), 12-21.
Cephe, P. T., & Keles, Y. (2015). An investigation of English language teachers and students' views on ethical principles towards students. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(7), 975-986.
Chang, C. D., & Mills, J. C. (2013). Effects of a reward system on resident research productivity. . JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 139(12), 1285-1290.
Cowles, K. V. (1988). Issues in qualitative research on sensitive topics. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10(2), 163-179.
Decker, S. E., Naugle, A. E., Carter-Visscher, R., Bell, K., & Seifert, A. (2011 ). Ethical issues in research on sensitive topics: Participants' experiences of distress and benefit. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 6(3), 55-64.
Devers, K. J., & Frankel, R. M. (2000). Study design in qualitative research--2: Sampling and data collection strategies . Education for health, 13(2), 263.
Devine, E. G., Waters, M. E., Putnam, M., Surprise, C., O’Malley, K., Richambault, C., & Ciraulo, D. A. (2013). Concealment and fabrication by experienced research subjects. Clinical Trials, 10(6), 935-948.
Diener, E., & Crandall, R. (1978). Ethics in social and behavioral research. U Chicago Press.
Dreger, A. (2011). Darkness’s descent on the American Anthropological Association. . Human Nature, 22(3), 225-246.
Dunn, L. B., & Jeste, D. V. (2001). Enhancing informed consent for research and treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(6), 595-607.
Eaton, S. (2020). Ethical considerations for research conducted with human participants in languages other than English. British Educational Research Journal, 46(4), 848-858.
Edwards, T. L., Watkins, E. E., Lotfizadeh, A. D., & Poling, A. (2012). Intervention research to benefit people with autism: How old are the participants? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 6(3), 996-999.
Ethicist, P. (2015). Simplifying the complexity of confidentiality in research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 10(1), 100-102.
Flory, J., & Emanuel, E. (2004). Interventions to improve research participants' understanding in informed consent for research: a systematic review. . Jama, 292(13), 1593-1601.
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (1992). Research methods in the social sciences. St. Martin's Press.
Friesen, P., Kearns, L., Redman, B., & Caplan, A. L. (2017). Rethinking the Belmont report? The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(7), 15-21.
Grinyer, A. (2002). The anonymity of research participants: assumptions, ethics and practicalities. Social research update, 36(1), 4.
Gu, M., & Lai, C. (2019). An ethical analysis of how ESL teachers construct their professional identities through the use of information technology in teaching. British Educational Research Journal,, 45(5), 918-937.
Johnson, T. P., Parker, V., & Clements, C. (2001). Detection and prevention of data falsification in survey research. Survey Research, 32(3), 1-2.
Kaiser, K. (2009). Protecting respondent confidentiality in qualitative research. Qualitative health research, 19 (11), 1632-1641.
Kamuya, D. M., Theobald, S. J., Munywoki, P. K., Koech, D., Geissler, W. P., & Molyneux, S. C. (2013). Evolving friendships and shifting ethical dilemmas: Fieldworkers’ experiences in a short term community based study in Kenya. Developing world bioethic, 13(1), 1-9.
Keith-Spiegel, P. C., Tabachnick, B. G., & Allen, M. (1993). Ethics in academia: Students' vies of professors' actions. Ethics & behavior, 3(2), 149-162.
Kennedy, H. (2006 ). Beyond anonymity, or future directions for internet identity research. New media & society, 8(6), 859-876.
Kimmel, A. (1988). Ethics and values in applied social research. Sage., 12(1).
Kraut, R., Olson, J., Banaji, M., Bruckman, A., Cohen, J., & Couper, M. (2004). Psychological research online: report of board of scientific affairs' advisory group on the conduct of research on the internet. American psychologist, 59(2), 105.
Largent, E. A., & Lynch, H. F. (2017). Paying research participants: the outsized influence of “undue influence”. IRB,, 39(4), 1.
Largent, E., Grady, C., Miller, F. G., & Wertheimer, A. (2013 ). Misconceptions about coercion and undue influence: reflections on the views of IRB members. . Bioethics, 27(9), 500-507.
Leak, G. K. (1981). Student perception of coercion and value from participation in psychological research. Teaching of Psychology, 8(3), 147-149.
Longworth, C., Deakins, J., Rose, D., & Gracey, F. (2018). The nature of self-esteem and its relationship to anxiety and depression in adult acquired brain injury. . Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 28(7), 1078-1094.
Lozano, G. A. (2014). Ethics of using language editing services in an era of digital communication and heavily multi-authored papers. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(2), 363-377.
Manti, S., & Licari, A. (2018). How to obtain informed consent for research. Breathe, 14(2), 145-152.
Marshall, P. A., Adebamowo, C. A., Adeyemo, A. A., Ogundiran, T. O., Vekich, M., Strenski, T., & Rotimi, C. N. (2006). Voluntary participation and informed consent to international genetic research . American journal of public health, 96(11), 1989-1995.
Marzano, M. (2007). Informed consent, deception, and research freedom in qualitative research . Qualitative Inquiry, 13(3), 417-436.
Masic, I. (2014). Plagiarism in scientific research and publications and how to prevent it. . Materia socio-médica, 26(2), 141.
Merrell, J., & Williams, A. (1995). Beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice: principles in practice . Nurse Researcher, 3(1), 24-34.
Miller, F. G., Wendler, D., & Swartzman, L. C. (2005). Deception in research on the placebo effect. PLoS medicine, 2(9), e262.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Zamboanga, B. L., Thompson, R. A., & S. L. (2005). Extra credit as incentive for voluntary research participation. . Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 150-153.
Pendlebury, S., & Enslin, P. (2001). Representation, identification and trust: Towards an ethics of educational research. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 35(3), 361-370.
Perry, G. (2013). Deception and illusion in Milgram's accounts of the obedience experiments. Theoretical & Applied Ethics, 2(2), 79-92.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. . Wiley-Blackwell.
Sankar, P. (2004). Communication and miscommunication in informed consent to research. . Medical anthropology quarterly, 18(4), 429-446.
Sharpe, D., & Faye, C. (2009). A second look at debriefing practices: Madness in our method? . Ethics & behavior, 19(5), 432-447.
Shavers, V. L., Lynch, C. F., & Burmeister, L. F. (2000). Knowledge of the Tuskegee study and its impact on the willingness to participate in medical research studies. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92(12), 563.
Shuster, E. (1997). Fifty years later: the significance of the Nuremberg Code. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(20), 1436-1440.
Sims, J. M. (2010). A brief review of the Belmont report. Dimensions of critical care nursing, 29(4), 173-174.
Sinclair, C. (2017). Ethics in psychology: Recalling the past, acknowledging the present, and looking to the future. Canadian Psychology/psychologie canadienne, 58(1), 20.
Singer, E. &. (2008 ). Do incentives exert undue influence on survey participation? Experimental evidence. Journal of empirical research on human research ethics, 3(3), 49-56.
Sommers, R., & Miller, F. G. (2013). Forgoing debriefing in deceptive research: Is it ever ethical? Ethics & Behavior, 23(2), 98-116.
Stiles, P. G., & Petrila, J. (2011). Research and confidentiality: Legal issues and risk management strategies . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(3), 333.
Strike, K. A., Anderson, M. S., Curren, R., Van Geel, T., Pritchard, I., & Robertson, E. (2002). Ethical standards of the American educational research association: Cases and commentary. American Educational Research Association.
Stufflebeam, D. L. (2004). A note on the purposes, development, and applicability of the Joint Committee Evaluation Standards. American Journal of Evaluation, 25(1), 99-102.
Tishler, C. L., & Bartholomae, S. (2002 ). The recruitment of normal healthy volunteers: a review of the literature on the use of financial incentives. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(4), 365-375.
Walford, G. (2005). Research ethical guidelines and anonymity. International Journal of research & method in education, 28(1), 83-93.
White, R. M. (2000). Unraveling the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(5), 585-598.
Willinsky, J. (2006). The access principle: The case for open access to research and scholarship. MIT Press.
Alsan, M., Wanamaker, M., & Hardeman, R. R. (2020). The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis: A case study in peripheral trauma with implications for health professionals . Journal of general internal medicine, 35(1), 322-325.
APA. (2016). Revision of ethical standard 3.04 of the" Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct"(2002, as amended 2010). The American Psychologist, 71(9), 900.
Barrera, D., & Simpson, B. (2012). Much ado about deception: Consequences of deceiving research participants in the social sciences. Sociological Methods & Research, 41(3), 383-413.
Bhutta, Z. A. (2004). Beyond informed consent. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(1), 771-777.
Birchley, G., Huxtable, R., Murtagh, M., Ter Meulen, R., Flach, P., & Gooberman-Hill, R. (2017). Smart homes, private homes? An empirical study of technology researchers’ perceptions of ethical issues in developing smart-home health technologies. BMC medical ethics, 18(1), 1-13.
Brigham, L. (1998). Representing the lives of women with learning difficulties: Ethical dilemmas in the research process. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26(4), 146-150.
Brown, B. L. (2009). Use and misuse of quantitative methods: Data collection, calculation, and presentation. Handbook of social research ethics, 373-385.
Cassell, E. J. (2000). The principles of the Belmont report revisited: how have respect for persons, beneficence, and justice been applied to clinical medicine? Hastings center report, 30(4), 12-21.
Cephe, P. T., & Keles, Y. (2015). An investigation of English language teachers and students' views on ethical principles towards students. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(7), 975-986.
Chang, C. D., & Mills, J. C. (2013). Effects of a reward system on resident research productivity. . JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 139(12), 1285-1290.
Cowles, K. V. (1988). Issues in qualitative research on sensitive topics. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10(2), 163-179.
Decker, S. E., Naugle, A. E., Carter-Visscher, R., Bell, K., & Seifert, A. (2011 ). Ethical issues in research on sensitive topics: Participants' experiences of distress and benefit. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 6(3), 55-64.
Devers, K. J., & Frankel, R. M. (2000). Study design in qualitative research--2: Sampling and data collection strategies . Education for health, 13(2), 263.
Devine, E. G., Waters, M. E., Putnam, M., Surprise, C., O’Malley, K., Richambault, C., & Ciraulo, D. A. (2013). Concealment and fabrication by experienced research subjects. Clinical Trials, 10(6), 935-948.
Diener, E., & Crandall, R. (1978). Ethics in social and behavioral research. U Chicago Press.
Dreger, A. (2011). Darkness’s descent on the American Anthropological Association. . Human Nature, 22(3), 225-246.
Dunn, L. B., & Jeste, D. V. (2001). Enhancing informed consent for research and treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(6), 595-607.
Eaton, S. (2020). Ethical considerations for research conducted with human participants in languages other than English. British Educational Research Journal, 46(4), 848-858.
Edwards, T. L., Watkins, E. E., Lotfizadeh, A. D., & Poling, A. (2012). Intervention research to benefit people with autism: How old are the participants? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 6(3), 996-999.
Ethicist, P. (2015). Simplifying the complexity of confidentiality in research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 10(1), 100-102.
Flory, J., & Emanuel, E. (2004). Interventions to improve research participants' understanding in informed consent for research: a systematic review. . Jama, 292(13), 1593-1601.
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (1992). Research methods in the social sciences. St. Martin's Press.
Friesen, P., Kearns, L., Redman, B., & Caplan, A. L. (2017). Rethinking the Belmont report? The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(7), 15-21.
Grinyer, A. (2002). The anonymity of research participants: assumptions, ethics and practicalities. Social research update, 36(1), 4.
Gu, M., & Lai, C. (2019). An ethical analysis of how ESL teachers construct their professional identities through the use of information technology in teaching. British Educational Research Journal,, 45(5), 918-937.
Johnson, T. P., Parker, V., & Clements, C. (2001). Detection and prevention of data falsification in survey research. Survey Research, 32(3), 1-2.
Kaiser, K. (2009). Protecting respondent confidentiality in qualitative research. Qualitative health research, 19 (11), 1632-1641.
Kamuya, D. M., Theobald, S. J., Munywoki, P. K., Koech, D., Geissler, W. P., & Molyneux, S. C. (2013). Evolving friendships and shifting ethical dilemmas: Fieldworkers’ experiences in a short term community based study in Kenya. Developing world bioethic, 13(1), 1-9.
Keith-Spiegel, P. C., Tabachnick, B. G., & Allen, M. (1993). Ethics in academia: Students' vies of professors' actions. Ethics & behavior, 3(2), 149-162.
Kennedy, H. (2006 ). Beyond anonymity, or future directions for internet identity research. New media & society, 8(6), 859-876.
Kimmel, A. (1988). Ethics and values in applied social research. Sage., 12(1).
Kraut, R., Olson, J., Banaji, M., Bruckman, A., Cohen, J., & Couper, M. (2004). Psychological research online: report of board of scientific affairs' advisory group on the conduct of research on the internet. American psychologist, 59(2), 105.
Largent, E. A., & Lynch, H. F. (2017). Paying research participants: the outsized influence of “undue influence”. IRB,, 39(4), 1.
Largent, E., Grady, C., Miller, F. G., & Wertheimer, A. (2013 ). Misconceptions about coercion and undue influence: reflections on the views of IRB members. . Bioethics, 27(9), 500-507.
Leak, G. K. (1981). Student perception of coercion and value from participation in psychological research. Teaching of Psychology, 8(3), 147-149.
Longworth, C., Deakins, J., Rose, D., & Gracey, F. (2018). The nature of self-esteem and its relationship to anxiety and depression in adult acquired brain injury. . Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 28(7), 1078-1094.
Lozano, G. A. (2014). Ethics of using language editing services in an era of digital communication and heavily multi-authored papers. Science and Engineering Ethics, 20(2), 363-377.
Manti, S., & Licari, A. (2018). How to obtain informed consent for research. Breathe, 14(2), 145-152.
Marshall, P. A., Adebamowo, C. A., Adeyemo, A. A., Ogundiran, T. O., Vekich, M., Strenski, T., & Rotimi, C. N. (2006). Voluntary participation and informed consent to international genetic research . American journal of public health, 96(11), 1989-1995.
Marzano, M. (2007). Informed consent, deception, and research freedom in qualitative research . Qualitative Inquiry, 13(3), 417-436.
Masic, I. (2014). Plagiarism in scientific research and publications and how to prevent it. . Materia socio-médica, 26(2), 141.
Merrell, J., & Williams, A. (1995). Beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice: principles in practice . Nurse Researcher, 3(1), 24-34.
Miller, F. G., Wendler, D., & Swartzman, L. C. (2005). Deception in research on the placebo effect. PLoS medicine, 2(9), e262.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Zamboanga, B. L., Thompson, R. A., & S. L. (2005). Extra credit as incentive for voluntary research participation. . Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 150-153.
Pendlebury, S., & Enslin, P. (2001). Representation, identification and trust: Towards an ethics of educational research. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 35(3), 361-370.
Perry, G. (2013). Deception and illusion in Milgram's accounts of the obedience experiments. Theoretical & Applied Ethics, 2(2), 79-92.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. . Wiley-Blackwell.
Sankar, P. (2004). Communication and miscommunication in informed consent to research. . Medical anthropology quarterly, 18(4), 429-446.
Sharpe, D., & Faye, C. (2009). A second look at debriefing practices: Madness in our method? . Ethics & behavior, 19(5), 432-447.
Shavers, V. L., Lynch, C. F., & Burmeister, L. F. (2000). Knowledge of the Tuskegee study and its impact on the willingness to participate in medical research studies. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92(12), 563.
Shuster, E. (1997). Fifty years later: the significance of the Nuremberg Code. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(20), 1436-1440.
Sims, J. M. (2010). A brief review of the Belmont report. Dimensions of critical care nursing, 29(4), 173-174.
Sinclair, C. (2017). Ethics in psychology: Recalling the past, acknowledging the present, and looking to the future. Canadian Psychology/psychologie canadienne, 58(1), 20.
Singer, E. &. (2008 ). Do incentives exert undue influence on survey participation? Experimental evidence. Journal of empirical research on human research ethics, 3(3), 49-56.
Sommers, R., & Miller, F. G. (2013). Forgoing debriefing in deceptive research: Is it ever ethical? Ethics & Behavior, 23(2), 98-116.
Stiles, P. G., & Petrila, J. (2011). Research and confidentiality: Legal issues and risk management strategies . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(3), 333.
Strike, K. A., Anderson, M. S., Curren, R., Van Geel, T., Pritchard, I., & Robertson, E. (2002). Ethical standards of the American educational research association: Cases and commentary. American Educational Research Association.
Stufflebeam, D. L. (2004). A note on the purposes, development, and applicability of the Joint Committee Evaluation Standards. American Journal of Evaluation, 25(1), 99-102.
Tishler, C. L., & Bartholomae, S. (2002 ). The recruitment of normal healthy volunteers: a review of the literature on the use of financial incentives. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(4), 365-375.
Walford, G. (2005). Research ethical guidelines and anonymity. International Journal of research & method in education, 28(1), 83-93.
White, R. M. (2000). Unraveling the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(5), 585-598.
Willinsky, J. (2006). The access principle: The case for open access to research and scholarship. MIT Press.
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Published
2022-01-31
How to Cite
Ginting, D. (2022). Ethical Research Dilemmas and Their Implications In English Language Teaching Studies. Acitya: Journal of Teaching and Education, 4(1), 110–123. https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v4i1.3200
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Language Teaching, Literature, Linguistic & English for Specific Purpose
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